- S.5 of the Ordinance
effectively replicated s.5 of the 1993 Ordinance, and it is unnecessary to
identify such differences as exist between the two provisions. On 26 July
1993 the then Acting Commissioner made the Fishing (Maritime Zone) Order 1993,
which came into force on 2 August 1993. Its effect was to impose a licensing
regime for fishing in the Maritime Zone. It was continued in force by s.26(2)(a)
of the Ordinance ("any… order… made… under the 1993 Ordinance shall continue
in force as if it had been… made… under this Ordinance…"). In the result,
at all times material to these proceedings, the licensing regime envisaged
by s.5 of the Ordinance was operative and effective.
CCAMLR
- It is convenient
next to describe the nature and functions of CCAMLR. The treaty was negotiated
in the late 1970s in order to confront the threat of over-exploitation of
fin-fish in the Southern Ocean (that is, sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters)
and also to address concerns at the implications of large-scale fishing for
the crustacean krill, which is the staple food of many marine species in the
area. CCAMLR was adopted in May 1980 and entered into force in April 1982.
Its secretariat is based in Hobart, Tasmania. Its executive body is its Commission
("the CCAMLR Commission"), which meets annually for two weeks in
Hobart, usually in October/November. At the relevant time the CCAMLR Commission
was constituted by 23 States (including the United Kingdom, which had been
a founding State Party to CCAMLR), and the European Union acting through the
Commission of the EU. The CCAMLR Commission is assisted by an advisory Scientific
Committee which in turn has a number of subsidiary Working Groups. As we shall
see, certain parts of the Report of the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment
which was appended to the Report ("the 2000 Report") of the Nineteenth
Meeting of the Scientific Committee (Hobart, 23 – 27 October 2000) have a
special importance in the case.
- Article IX of
CCAMLR provides in part:
"(1)
The function of the Commission shall be to give effect to the objective and
principles set out in Article II of this Convention [viz the conservation
of Antarctic marine living resources]. To this end, it shall:
…
(f)
formulate, adopt and revise conservation measures on the basis of the best
scientific evidence available…
…
(2)
The conservation measures referred to in paragraph 1(f) above include the
following:
(a)
the designation of the quantity of any species which may be harvested in the
area to which this Convention applies;
(b)
the designation of regions and sub-regions…;
(c)
the designation of the quantity which may be harvested from the populations
of regions and sub-regions;
(d)
the designation of protected species;
…
(f)
the designation of open and closed seasons for harvesting;
…
(i)
the taking of such other conservation measures as the Commission considers
necessary for the fulfilment of the objective of this Convention, including
measures concerning the effects of harvesting and associated activities on
components of the marine ecosystem other than the harvested populations."
- At its annual
meetings the CCAMLR Commission adopts conservation measures pursuant to Article
IX(1)(f) and (2), taking account of advice given by the Scientific Committee.
Such measures include the specification of the quantity of any species that
may be taken in any defined fishery in the forthcoming season. This is called
the Total Allowable Catch ("TAC"). Measures thus adopted become
binding on the Members 180 days after their adoption, save that where within
90 days a Member places a reservation on the measure, then it will not apply
to that Member. The measures are enforced by the Member States of CCAMLR,
essentially through their national jurisdiction (including, of course, their
jurisdiction in dependent territories) over their own flagged vessels. Article
XXI(1) provides:
"Each
Contracting Party shall take appropriate measures within its competence to
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Convention and with conservation
measures adopted by the Commission to which the Party is bound in accordance
with Article IX of this Convention."
Member
States possessing exclusive economic or maritime zones within the CCAMLR area
are able to enforce the measures within their zones also in relation to foreign
flagged vessels. This jurisdiction is enjoyed by the UK in relation to the
Maritime Zone extending 200 miles from the shores of SGSSI, as defined by
the Ordinance.
- CCAMLR’s area
of application is divided into areas and sub-areas. We are concerned with
area 48 (South Atlantic sector) and in particular sub-area 48.3 (South Georgia).
The greater part of the SGSSI Maritime Zone falls within sub-area 48.3. This
is where the toothfish are most populous. In consequence the TAC for toothfish
has very largely been taken within South Georgia Waters, with very little
from outside. Sub-area 48.3 is effectively administered for CCAMLR purposes
by the UK through the legal mechanisms contained in the Ordinance (and behind
it, the Order) and the Fishing (Maritime Zone) Order 1993.
- An important
feature of CCAMLR is its system – or systems, for they are quite distinct
– of observation and inspection on board vessels, part of whose purpose (certainly
that of the inspectors) is to verify compliance with conservation measures
which have been adopted. These systems are provided for as a matter of principle
by Article XXIV, which I need not set out. There is a monitoring body, the
Standing Committee on Observation and Inspection ("SCOI"), which
was established by the CCAMLR Commission. Amongst other things it is required
to review inspection and observation reports, and itself to provide reports
and recommendations which are considered by the CCAMLR Commission.
- As regards inspection
(as opposed to observation) there is a document headed "Text
of the CCAMLR System of Inspection". I may summarise its primary relevant
provisions. Each Member of the CCAMLR Commission may designate inspectors,
who must be familiar with the fishing activities in question, with the provisions
of CCAMLR itself and measures adopted under it. Inspectors so designated may
board fishing vessels at sea in order to verify compliance with conservation
measures. They may inspect every aspect of the vessel, including catch, nets
and other fishing gear, and may take photographs and/or video footage. They
are obliged to make reports on an approved CCAMLR pro forma. Where
an inspection shows there has been a violation of adopted measures it is the
Flag State’s obligation to take appropriate action.
- As is stated
by Dr Richardson (Head of the Polar Regions Section in the Overseas Territories
Department of the Foreign Office and the UK representative at the annual meetings
of the CCAMLR Commission), inspections provide no more than a "snapshot"
of a vessel’s operation, being carried out at a particular point in time.
The system of observers works differently. Here too there is a text, the "CCAMLR
Scheme of International Scientific Observation". Again, scientific observers
may be designated by each Member of the CCAMLR Commission. Annex I to the
text sets out the functions and tasks of the scientific observers. Unlike
the inspectors, the observer will normally remain on board a vessel for the
duration of the fishing trip. He collects and records data, including "details
of the vessel’s operation (eg. partition of time between searching, fishing,
transit etc., and details of hauls)", "biological data by species
caught", "by-catches, their quantity and other biological data",
"entanglement and incidental mortality of birds and mammals". Dr
Richardson says that it is not the observer’s function to monitor compliance:
he is not a "spy in the camp". However like the inspector (and as
one would expect) he has to make a pro forma report; and although it
will not contain any record or accusation of non-compliance as such, its analysis
by the CCAMLR Commission may facilitate the determination of levels of compliance
with conservation measures.
- In light of
the events which happened in this case, while dealing with CCAMLR I should
describe one particular conservation measure adopted under Article IX. This
is the measure, originally numbered 29/XIX, for the "Minimisation of
the Incidental Mortality of Seabirds in the Course of Longline Fishing or
Longline Fishing Research in the Convention Area". It is CCAMLR’s principal
regulatory initiative for the reduction of seabird mortality in the toothfish
longline fishery. It was I think first introduced in 1997, but has been reissued
annually with amendments. There are three relevant provisions, whose wording
has not materially changed over successive versions of the measure. They are,
first, a requirement that longlines shall be set at night only; secondly,
a prohibition of the dumping of offal while longlines are being set, coupled
with a stipulation that "if discharge of offal during the haul is unavoidable,
this discharge shall take place on the opposite side of the vessel to that
where longlines are hauled." Since longline vessels invariably haul on
the starboard side forward of the bridge, any discharge of offal during the
haul must accordingly take place on the port side. The third provision requires
that the vessel shall tow a streamer line, "designed to discourage birds
from settling on baits during deployment of longlines". The streamer
must be at least 150 metres long, with branch streamers at 5 metre intervals,
and is to be "suspended at the stern from a point approximately 4.5m
above the water and such that the line is directly above the point where the
bait hits the water".
THE
FACTS
(1)
As They Were Known to Quark
- Quark is a company
registered in the Falkland Islands and is owned to the tune of 25.1% by Falkland
Islands residents; the remainder is Spanish owned. The MV Jacqueline (previously
named the Thunnus) was purchased by Quark from the government
of SGSSI in 1996. She had earlier been registered in Belize, had been subject
to outstanding charges in favour of creditors amounting to something like
US$1,500,000, and had become government property following forfeiture proceedings
after arrest for fishing without a licence. Upon Quark’s purchase she was
reflagged in the Falkland Islands. Since then she and Quark have been entirely
committed to the Falkland Islands, where the company pays tax, and to toothfish
longline fishing in SGSSI waters.
- The Jacqueline
was licensed for such fishing by the Director of Fisheries of SGSSI for
each of the seasons 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000. It is useful at this stage
to replicate a table set out in the judicial review Grounds, showing for each
of those years the toothfish TAC for the SGSSI territorial waters, the number
of licences granted, and the average catch available per vessel licensed.
Year
TAC Licences Granted Average per Vessel
1997 5000 tonnes 13 (2 UK) 384 tonnes
1998 5300 10 (2 UK) 330
1999 3500 11 (3 UK) 318
2000 5300 14 (4 UK) 379
The
Jacqueline was in each of these seasons one of the UK licensees. We
also have a document showing the nationality of each of the licensees for
each of these seasons, but it is unnecessary to set it out.
- There is amongst
the papers a copy of the letter to Quark from the SGSSI government (written
presumably on behalf of the Director of Fisheries) inviting applications for
licences for the 1997 season. Licences were and are per vessel, although the
letter contemplated that the company might wish to apply in relation to more
than one vessel. The letter refers among other things to the amount of the
TAC, the requirement to accommodate a scientific observer, and to relevant
CCAMLR conservation measures including the successor of 29/XIX (which was
then 29/XV) for the minimisation of seabird mortality. So all those matters
were plain between the parties. The letter (dated 24 January 1997) by which
the offer of a licence for the Jacqueline was made drew attention "in
particular" to 29/XV.
- There were like
documents for successive years. In each season in which the Jacqueline
fished under licence, she had on board a CCAMLR observer; and Mr Vaughan
QC for Quark makes the point that no complaints emanated from anything said
by the observers so as to suggest a violation of conservation measures, not
least that relating to seabird mortality. On 1 July 2000 there was prepared
a report of an official CCAMLR inspection of the Jacqueline which had
been conducted at sea on the same day. It recorded that "[t]he vessel
was in compliance with all the relevant CCAMLR Conservation Measures, except
one". The exception was only to do with the storage and disposal of plastic
bands used to seal boxes, in breach of a measure concerned with the use and
disposal of plastic on fishing vessels. (Apparently there had been incidents
when fur seals had got entangled with plastic packaging bands.) As regards
the seabird mortality measure (which had now become 29/XVI) this was said:
"The
vessel was in full compliance with this Conservation Measure. A Bird Scaring
Streamer is deployed whenever shooting lines. From the vessel’s logbook all
setting of lines has been undertaken during the hours of darkness. Discharge
of offal takes place on the opposite side of the vessel to the hauling operations,
very few seabirds were seen near the fishing line being hauled."
I
should notice also that some emphasis is placed by Quark on checks or inspections
which were carried out upon the Jacqueline at King Edward Point at
the start of each fishing season, and on these occasions no complaint was
made about her equipment. But these checks were executed not on behalf of
CCAMLR or, directly at least, with a view to monitoring compliance with CCAMLR
conservation measures; they were done by SGSSI Government Marine Officers,
and (as Dr Richardson puts it) "cover[ed] matters including safety and
verifying whether equipment complies with the relevant licence conditions".
However the licence conditions routinely included a stipulation that the CCAMLR
measures be complied with.
- Mr Vaughan says
that a vessel’s "track record" for compliance with conservation
measures was plainly an important factor in the allocation of licences. He
points to a letter from the FCO to Quark dated 22 February 2000, in which
among other things this was said:
"The
fishery has been relatively stable in the past few years with vessels, such
as yours returning on an annual basis… The strong competition for licences
should provide an incentive for all operators to employ good practices and
full compliance with CCAMLR Conservation Measures."
- So it was that
when Quark came to apply for a licence for the Jacqueline for the 2001
season they must have thought they had a very fair wind, to put it at its
lowest. Not only did they enjoy (as they believed) a more or less exemplary
record as regards compliance with CCAMLR conservation measures; they were
also loyal adherents of the fishery and the Falkland Islands. In his letter
of application dated 12 January 2001 Mr Summers, the managing director, claimed
that Quark was "fully conversant with the conservation measures applicable
within the CCAMLR areas, and is fully supportive of SGSSI in its efforts to
introduce best practice into the South Georgia fishery". Then under a
heading "Loyalty and Past Record", he stated:
"Following
her purchase from GSGSSI in 1996 and refurbishment the Jacqueline and
Quark Fishing Ltd have worked every year in the South Georgia fishery and
have completed four successful longlining seasons; we remain committed long
term to this fishery…"
- At length, however,
longline licences were granted for only two of the British registered vessels,
the Argos Helena and the Argos Georgia; the Jacqueline
and the only other British-registered vessel, the Lyn, were
refused. The decision-making process which led to this result is at the centre
of Quark’s challenge to the Secretary of State’s direction; and I may say
at this stage that the business of uncovering the course it took has in my
view been tortuous and problematic. But I must postpone any judgment until
I have explained what happened.
- The announcement
of the awards of toothfish longline licences for 2001 was made on 14 March
2001. I should make it clear that at this stage there had been no direction
given by the Secretary of State pursuant to s.5(1) of the Order, although,
as we shall see, the decision was effectively made in London and not the South
Atlantic. It does not appear that any reasoned letters were sent, either to
the successful or the unsuccessful applicants. Mr Summers had a meeting with
the Director of Fisheries the day after the announcement, on 15 March, and
wrote to him on 19 March complaining that Quark had been unfairly treated.
He said, first, that there had been an understanding that upon Quark’s purchase
of the Jacqueline from the SGSSI government, she would thereafter be
licensed to fish for toothfish (it seems to me plain that the implementation
of any such understanding would have been beyond the lawful power of the SGSSI
authorities). More substantially, he claimed that the Jacqueline was
the only vessel with a record of loyalty to the fishery for each of the previous
four years. Then this:
"You
said to me that the reason that the Jacqueline was not offered a license
[sic] this season was only because she did not compare well to other vessels
in respect of compliance with CCAMLR conservation measures; you were however
not able to provide any evidence of this, or indicate how this conclusion
may have been reached, other than to speculate that the CCAMLR observer from
last season may have delivered a negative report. We have the draft of the
CCAMLR observer’s report which you are welcome to review; it contains no criticisms
whatsoever of our compliance with conservation measures. We are not aware
that any previous report contained any negative comment either…"
- There followed
an exchange of correspondence which included a letter of 10 April 2001 to
Quark’s London solicitors from the Attorney General for SGSSI in which this
was said:
"The
policy of GSGSSI in relation to the licensing of vessels to fish in the Maritime
Zone implemented by the Director of Fisheries has not been published as such,
although it may, in part, be divined from the Ordinance.
…
This
year Mr Jarvis [the Director of Fisheries], as your clients are I think aware,
originally had in mind issuing nine licences, four of which would be issued
to British-flagged vessels, of which the Jacqueline would have been
one and consulted the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Commissioner
on that proposal.
As
a result of those consultations, Mr Jarvis took the view that to allocate
four of the nine potential licences for the longline fishery to UK-flagged
vessels would alienate other CCAMLR Members whose vessels had previously fished
in South Georgia waters. He accordingly decided to increase to seven the number
of licences granted to foreign-flagged vessels and consequently to reduce
to two the number of licences issued to British flagged vessels. He decided
to licence [sic] the two British-flagged vessels which had the better record
of compliance with CCAMLR conservation measures. This led to the Jacqueline
not being granted a licence in respect of the forthcoming season."
- Unsurprisingly
Quark was very far from satisfied. On 3 May 2001 it launched proceedings for
judicial review in the Supreme Court of SGSSI to challenge the refusal by
the Director of Fisheries to allocate a licence to the Jacqueline.
I shall refer to this litigation as "the SGSSI proceedings". The
hearing took place in Stanley in the Falkland Islands on 31 May and 1 June
2001 before the Chief Justice of SGSSI. He gave his decision on 1 June, quashed
the decision to refuse, and remitted the matter to the Director of Fisheries
with a direction that he reach a fresh decision by 1600 hours on Friday 8
June. However his reasoned judgment was not delivered, as I understand it,
until 8 June itself. Although the material before the Chief Justice included
data relied on by the FCO in order to rank vessels for comparative compliance
with conservation measures in such a way as to deny the Jacqueline a
licence, and although he made certain observations about those matters (to
which I will have to return), the basis of his decision was that the Director’s
refusal of a licence for the Jacqueline flowed from his erroneous belief
that he was bound to follow advice from the Commissioner (who in turn had
been advised by Mr White, Head of the Overseas Territories Department of the
FCO) and that accordingly the Director had closed his mind to relevant factors
and failed to evaluate for himself the merits of the licensing issues. I shall
come shortly to the evidence before this court concerning the relation between
the Director and Commissioner in the South Atlantic and senior officials in
London in the context of the decision-making process.
- On 7 June 2001
(the day before delivery of the Chief Justice’s reasoned judgment) the Secretary
of State as I have said gave the direction under s.5(1) of the Order which
has been impugned in these proceedings. I should first set out part of the
fifth preamble:
"WHEREAS…
I… advised the Commissioner of SGSSI… that if the Director were minded to
grant 10 licences as aforesaid [sc. to fish for toothfish by longlining]:
(a)
The number of licences granted to UK or UK Overseas Territories-flagged vessels
should be 2 out of 10;
(b)
The selection of the 2 UK or UK Overseas Territories-flagged vessels from
amongst the applicants for licences should be made on the basis of the vessels’
comparative record of compliance with CCAMLR Conservation Measures; and
(c)
In the light of the information contained in the Nineteenth CCAMLR Report
including, in particular, the information contained in the Report of the CCAMLR
Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment [viz. the Report appended to the 2000
Report, to which I have referred] at Tables 54 and 55 thereof, the fishing
vessels Argos Georgia and Argos Helena had the best two records
of compliance with the relevant CCAMLR Conservation Measures of UK or UK Overseas
Territories-flagged vessels applying for longline toothfish fishing licences".
Then
the executive words of the direction are:
"…
I hereby instruct the Commissioner, in the exercise of his powers under section
4(2) of the 2000 Ordinance, to direct the Director not to grant a licence
to fish for toothfish during the Fishing Season to any UK or UK Overseas-Territories
flagged vessels other than the Argos Georgia and the Argos Helena."
The
direction, of course, overcame the legal flaw in the earlier decision which
had led the Chief Justice of SGSSI to grant relief. But Quark had other points
to make including (as I shall show) arguments going to the direction and not
only the general decision-making process. These proceedings for judicial review
were lodged in the Administrative Court on 11 July 2001. I shall refer to
them as "the London proceedings".
(2)
The Decision-Making Process: Only Later Known to Quark
- It is necessary
to examine the materials relating to the process which led to the decision
of 14 March 2001 with some care. I will start with a letter dated 8 February
2001 from the SGSSI Director of Fisheries, Mr Jarvis, to Dr Richardson in
London. This letter is plainly of some importance as indicating the Director
of Fisheries’ own position as regards the grant or distribution of licences.
But it was only disclosed by the Secretary of State after an order to that
effect was made by Scott Baker J. Dr Richardson’s reply to it of 16 February
2001, and two further letters respectively dated 28 February 2001 (from the
SGSSI Commissioner to Mr White, who was, as I have said, Head of the Overseas
Territories Department at the FCO) and 9 March 2001 (Mr White to the Commissioner),
to which Mr Vaughan attributes considerable importance, were not disclosed
until Mr Parker QC, for the Secretary of State, produced them on the last
day of the hearing in this court; though as I understand it, it is accepted
that these documents were in counsel’s possession at the time when Mr Parker
and his learned junior were settling the Secretary of State’s evidence in
the proceedings in the SGSSI Supreme Court. Mr Vaughan complains bitterly
at this late disclosure. I shall deal with the impact, if any, of the course
of disclosure or the lack of it on the merits of the case when I come to state
my conclusions.
- By the date
of the Director’s letter of 8 February the licence applications for the 2001
season had all been received. There were 36 applications for longline licences,
including that submitted for the Jacqueline and applications in respect
of the other three British registered vessels: these were the Argos Helena,
the Argos Georgia and the Lyn. The TAC for sub-area 48.3 had
been set at 4,500 tonnes, of which 600 had been allocated for pot fishing,
the rest for longlining. In the letter the Director stated:
- Before coming
to Dr Richardson’s reply to the letter of 8 February, I find it convenient
to refer to his witness statement made in the London proceedings on 28 September
2001. I assume this is put forward for the purpose of these proceedings as
the Secretary of State’s definitive factual account of the decision-making
process. I should say that Dr Richardson was the only witness to make a statement
on behalf of the Secretary of State in the London proceedings; before Scott
Baker J the Secretary of State relied on affidavits sworn in the SGSSI proceedings
by Mr Jarvis, Mr Lamont (the Commissioner), Dr Croxall (the UK representative
on the CCAMLR Scientific Committee: he gives the background to the 2000 Report),
Dr Parkes (a marine fishery expert who offers observations on Table 55 to
the Working Group Report and the ranking of the relevant vessels for compliance
with 29/XVI), and by Dr Richardson himself.
- In his statement
in the London proceedings Dr Richardson makes brief reference (paragraph 42)
to the recommendations put forward by the Director of Fisheries in the latter’s
letter of 8 February, though without identifying the letter itself. For reasons
of diplomatic policy he considered that the number of licences to be issued
to British-flagged vessels should be fewer than recommended. He said (paragraphs
44 – 46):
"44.
… On behalf of the FCO, I… emphasised that an important consideration of the
SGSSI in allocating the licences should be ensuring as equitable a distribution
of licences amongst CCAMLR flag states as possible whilst taking account of
particular vessels’ track record in terms of compliance with CCAMLR Conservation
Measures and also loyalty to the fishery.
45.
The principal result of my suggestion was that the allocation of licences
to UK flagged vessels would be reduced from 4 to 2… I further suggested that,
in allocating licences between vessels of a particular flag state, preference
should be given to those with the best records of compliance with CCAMLR…
46.
The FCO had been involved in the preparation of the 2000 Report and was aware
of its contents which included statistics for comparative compliance with
CCAMLR Conservation Measures by different fishing vessels… As can be seen
from tables 54 and 55 of the 2000 Report [he means the Working Group Report
which was appended to the 2000 Report], of the UK Overseas Territories flagged
vessels, two vessels flagged in the Falklands, the Jacqueline and the
Lyn, had the worst records of compliance with Conservation Measure
29/XVI. The practical result of my suggestion would be, therefore, that the
Jacqueline and the Lyn would not get Toothfish fishing licences
for the SGSSI Zone for the 2001 season."
I
shall have to turn to the Working Group Report, and in particular Table 55,
which has loomed large in the issues joined between the parties; but first
there is more to say about the course of the decision-making process. Dr Richardson
goes on to state (paragraph 50) that following his advice and recommendations,
the Director of Fisheries raised the matter with the Commissioner for SGSSI,
who in turn took the matter up with Mr White, and Mr White reiterated his
(Dr Richardson’s) advice to the Commissioner. These observations amounted
to an implicit reference to the letters of 28 February and 9 March 2001 which
as I have said were produced (along with Dr Richardson’s reply to the Director
of Fisheries dated 16 February 2001) by Mr Parker on the last day of the hearing
in this court. These then were the events which, on Dr Richardson’s evidence
in the London proceedings, led to the allocation of licences on 14 March 2001
and the exclusion of the Jacqueline and the Lyn from the allocation.
- Mr Jarvis, the
Director of Fisheries, swore an affidavit in the SGSSI proceedings. The account
there given of these matters largely marches with that of Dr Richardson. I
should set out paragraph 22:
"…
Dr Richardson was concerned that distribution amongst different flag states
was not equitable or desirable given the nature of the UK’s dealings with
states within CCAMLR. He advised that only two vessels flagged in UK Overseas
Territories should be granted licences. Furthermore, amongst the UK vessels,
those with the best records of compliance with CCAMLR over recent years should
be licensed. He informed me that, on the balance of information provided by
CCAMLR, this would mean that the Jacqueline, which had a significantly
poorer record of compliance with CCAMLR than the Argos Helena or the
Argos Georgia, should not be granted a licence."
- It is also worth
noticing the terms in which the first explanation of the decision of 14 March
2001 was formulated in the course of litigation, in Dr Richardson’s affidavit
in the SGSSI proceedings. There he said (paragraph 53):
"It
was… suggested by me, on behalf of the FCO, to the Director of Fisheries that
his proposed allocation should be amended. Within the constraint of the size
of the TAC and, therefore, the limitation on licence numbers, I suggested
that the primary consideration of the SGSSI in allocating licences should
be ensuring as equitable a distribution of licences amongst CCAMLR flag states
as possible, but giving some preference to UK Overseas Territory-flagged vessels.
The principal result of this suggestion was that the allocation of licences
to UK flagged vessels should be reduced from 4 to 2 (the same number as had
been allocated during previous years). Two of the licences which the Director
of Fisheries had proposed to grant to UK flagged vessels would, therefore,
be reallocated to vessels sailing under the flags of other CCAMLR states.
The two licences allocated to UK Overseas Territory flagged vessels should
be allocated to those vessels which had the best compliance records. In suggesting
this I was aware of the findings of the CCAMLR Scientific Committee for 2000
which included statistics for comparative compliance with CCAMLR by different
fishing vessels…"
I
should note that there had not been only two British-registered vessels
granted licences "during previous years". Four licences had been
allocated to UK-flagged vessels in the previous year (2000), and three in
1999.
- Then the Director
of Fisheries describes the decision-making process in his affidavit in the
SGSSI proceedings thus (paragraph 25):
"In
relation to UK flagged vessels… although there was a general preference for
UK and UK Overseas Territories flagged vessels and for loyalty shown to the
fishery by the various vessels, the following considerations were crucial
to the nature of the allocation of licences for the 2001 fishing season and,
in particular, the refusal of a licence to the applicant’s vessel Jacqueline:
(i)
The size of the TAC for toothfish in Sub-area 48.3;
(ii)
The equitable distribution of licences amongst various flagged states – as
advised by the FCO; and
(iii)
The level of compliance with CCAMLR Conservation Measures – as advised by
the FCO relying upon CCAMLR material."
- Now I will introduce
the documents only disclosed by the Secretary of State on the last day of
the hearing before this court, starting with Dr Richardson’s reply of 16 February
2001 to the Director’s letter of 8 February 2001. Its pattern is to follow
the bullet points in the Director’s letter. Under "Loyalties to the Fishery"
some observations are made which are not, I think, of any relevance to the
position of the Jacqueline. The material passages are under the heading
"Compliance with Conservation Measures":
"12.
This is a difficult matter for it entails a degree of subjectivity regarding
vessels’ previous performance and potential black-listing. Sources of information
are CCAMLR’s own database, information from other Parties, and (if used judiciously)
information from the NGO organisation ‘Isofish’.
13.
As you are aware, the obligations of Conservation Measure 29 were amended
at CCAMLR XIX to make it obligatory not to discharge offal on the same side
of a vessel as line hauling.
14.
Para 9.12 of the Commission’s report calls on Parties not to license vessels
which cannot comply with this requirement. Some of those vessels would need
physical reconfiguration before they could be considered fit to be licensed.
If I recall the Isla Camila and Jacqueline? were vessels which
previously failed to meet this requirement. Checks should be made to ensure
that all prospective vessels in the fishery this year can now meet this requirement.
15.
As to compliance levels generally, we would have to point out that, unfortunately,
the Lyn and Jacqueline have some of the poorest track records
of vessels operating in the CCAMLR area. Unless the performance of those vessels
has greatly increased in the intervening months, then we do not believe we
would be enhancing the UK’s standing in the international community by preferentially
licensing such vessels which are known to have a poor compliance record, whilst
excluding vessels with an excellent performance level."
Dr
Richardson then sets out "our conclusions", one of which was:
"[T]he
UK’s involvement in the fishery should not be disproportionate in either vessel
numbers or quota allocation."
And
in the result he recommends an "initial allocation" which included
only two licences for British-registered vessels. He makes no observations
on the question whether the Jacqueline (or the Lyn) should be
licensed or not.
- The next document
is the letter from Mr Lamont, the SGSSI Commissioner, to Mr White dated 28
February 2001. It is plain he had seen the correspondence between the Director
and Dr Richardson. He says:
"The
political issue for us is Mike’s [sc. Dr Richardson] proposition that two
Falkand-flagged vessels should be removed from the fishery. Mike Summers and
Tony Blake are the leading Falkland Islanders associated with these vessels,
the "Jacqueline" and the "Lyn". It may be
that, from a pure fisheries angle, that makes sense. Politically, the realisation
that no Falkland-flagged vessel was allowed to fish for toothfish would provoke
a hostile reaction…"
And
he asks that the Director’s recommendations (in the letter of 8 February)
be reconsidered.
- The last in
this collection of letters is that of Mr White to the Commissioner dated 9
March 2001. It is clear from the opening paragraph that they had held discussions
on 6 March. There follow these relevant passages:
"Our
view remains that to allocate four of the nine potential licences for the
longline fishery to UK OT [ie, Overseas Territories]-flagged vessels would
be seen by others as disproportionate. A view we could not contest. This would
be the case especially as within the current Toothfish pot fishery we have
already allocated 50% of the licences and two thirds of the (albeit limited)
quota on a tonnage basis to UK OT-flagged vessels belonging to, and operated
by, a Falkland Islands-based company, Argos.
Reducing
licences for UK OT-flagged vessels down from four to two in the longline fishery
leaves us with the invidious task of deciding which vessels to licence [sic].
But as with licence allocations more generally, we need to be as objective
as possible. So certain factors must come into play, and here the past performance
of vessels in the fishery is a crucial factor. Looking across the potential
candidates it is clear that the Argos vessels have a relatively high compliance
record with CCAMLR regulations. The Lyn and Jacqueline in contrast
are unfortunately almost at the bottom of the list. Last year CCAMLR did a
ranking (copy provided to Government House earlier in the season) based on
compliance with relevant Conservation Measures, in particular data reporting,
and vessels’ ability to comply with seabird mitigating measures. For ease
of reference I attach as an example the ranking for the latter. From that
you will see that the Lyn and Jacqueline are not good performers.
And of course what is also relevant here is that failure to comply with CCAMLR
Measures means in effect failure to comply with South Georgia law since the
provisions of those Measures are set as conditions on a vessel’s licence.
So I am afraid, given a need to choose which should receive licences, the
Lyn and the Jacqueline are in the bottom half of the draw.
…
We
remain in favour of an equitable split amongst CCAMLR Parties’ access to the
SGSSI fishery. For wider political reasons that is in our interest. We also
wish to see a level of preferential access given to UK-OT flagged vessels.
But that does need controlling if the wider objective is to be met. We cannot
be seen to be preferentially licensing vessels whose compliance record with
responsible regulatory measures is low…"
- The "ranking"
attached to the letter of 9 March is a one-page document headed "League
Table of Vessel Compliance with Conservation Measure 29/XV, based on analysis
of performance in respect of line weighting, streamerlines, night setting
and offal discharge on all cruises, 1997 – 2000." The table is not altogether
easy to understand. Six vessels are listed under the heading "Autoline",
and then in another column nineteen vessels are listed under the heading "Spanish-System":
these nineteen include the Argos Helena, the Argos Georgia,
the Jacqueline and the Lyn. So far as I can see the first list
of vessels can be ignored. The "Spanish-System" is, as I understand
it, the name for the type of longlining deployed by the Jacqueline (and
the other 18 in the list). Under another heading "Area", 48.3 –
that must of course be sub-area 48.3 – is shown against 16 of the 19 vessels,
including the Jacqueline and the Lyn. Then there is a heading
consisting simply in the letter "N" beneath which a number, ranging
between 1 and 7, is shown against each vessel. I understood counsel to suggest
that this referred to the number of years fished by each listed vessel. If
so, the document is, as Alice said, curiouser and curiouser: it purports to
deal with the years 1997 – 2000, but the numbers under "N" as I
have said go up to 7, and against the Jacqueline the number entered
is 3: but it is beyond contest that she fished for all four years 1997 – 2000.
Finally, under the heading "Compliance", percentage marks are allocated
to each vessel. The Jacqueline is fourth from the bottom with 17%.
The Lyn is second from the bottom with 8%.
- It is plain
from paragraph 53 of Mr Parker’s written reply on behalf of the Secretary
of State put in after the hearing in this court that this ranking was not
based on Table 55, whereas Dr Richardson’s advice, set out in the letter of
16 February 2001 was so based: see paragraphs 44 and 53 of the reply and paragraphs
44 – 46 of his statement in the London proceedings, which I have set out in
part. I think it follows that the final basis of the advice given by London
to SGSSI, that the Jacqueline should not be licensed to fish for toothfish
in 2001, has been and remains unclear.
- There followed
the decision as to the allocation of licences on 14 March 2001, the SGSSI
proceedings, and the Secretary of State’s direction of 7 June 2001. While
I have sought to examine in some little detail the processes which led to
the decision of 14 March, Mr Parker rightly stressed the fact that the challenge
in the London proceedings is distinctly aimed at the Secretary of State’s
direction. He was at pains to emphasise the terms of the direction, which
(in the preamble I have cited) make it plain that its basis was Table 55 –
albeit the position regarding the decision of 14 March is as I have said unclear.
In relation to that, it is to be noticed that one of Quark’s complaints in
their judicial review Grounds in the London proceedings (paragraph 32(1))
was that after the judgment in the SGSSI proceedings there was no proper reconsideration
de novo of the application for a licence for the Jacqueline.
I should record what was said by Dr Richardson at paragraph 61 of his statement
in the London proceedings:
"Following
the decision of the Supreme Court SGSSI on 1 June 2001, the Secretary of State
decided that he should issue instructions to the Commissioner in order
to ensure that the pattern of licence allocation which had been put in place
prior to the judgment was reinstated..." (my emphasis)
And
paragraph 62:
"…
the factors which had been considered relevant to the initial licence allocation
decision were those which it [sic] considered relevant even after the initial
decision had been quashed. In addition… it was a major concern of the Secretary
of State that a reconsideration of the decision not to allocate quota to the
Jacqueline could affect the position of other vessels. If the reconsideration
resulted in an allocation of fishing licences which differed from the original
allocation this would inevitable require a reduction in quotas lawfully allocated
to vessels by the Director of Fisheries in the initial allocation."
I
will postpone for the present any consideration of the impact of this evidence.
(3)
Table 55
- Table 55 forms
part of the Report of the Working Group on Fish Stock Assessment which, as
I have said, was appended (as Annex V) to the 2000 Report. I should first
refer to these passages in the body of the Working Group Report:
"7.49
In Subarea 48.3 the total estimated seabird by-catch in 2000 was 10% of that
in 1999 and 4% of that in 1997. By-catch rates in 2000 were 0.05% of those
in 1997. These changes, achieved in large part by restricting fishing to winter
months, but also by improved compliance with Conservation Measure 29/XVI,
particularly night setting, have culminated in reducing seabird by-catch in
the regulated fishery to negligible levels.
…
7.52
Compliance with the streamer-line design was poor and only 33% of the streamer
lines deployed complied fully with the specifications in Conservation Measure
29/XVI (Table 54). The length of most of the streamer lines was less than
150 m and this continues to be the main reason for non-compliance… [O]nly
25% of the lines used in Subarea 48.3… were greater than 150 m in length…
Some vessels have persistently poor compliance with this element of the conservation
measure (eg. [then 10 vessels are named, including the Jacqueline,
the Lyn, and the Argos Helena]). Compliance with other elements
such as the attached height of the line and the number and spacing of streamers
per line remains high (85-100%). Nineteen observers indicated that spare streamer-line
material was present on board.
…
7.54
In Subarea 48.3 four vessels (Faro de Hercules, Isla Sofia,
Isla Camila and Jacqueline) are still operating with offal discharge
on the same side as the haul, in contravention of Conservation Measure 29/XVI.
7.55
Compliance with night setting has improved in Subarea 48.3 from 80% last season
to 92% this season…
…
7.60
Details of compliance with streamer line, offal discharge and night-setting
requirements of Conservation Measure 29/XVI are summarised on a vessel-specific
basis in Table 55…"
Table
54 deals with compliance rates for what is described as the 1999/2000 season
with the minimum specifications for streamer lines set out in what was then
Conservation Measure 29/XVI. Table 55 is headed in part: "Summary of
compliance with Conservation Measure 29/XVI regarding night setting, correct
configuration and use of streamer lines and offal discharge practices in the
Convention Area, from 1998 to 2000. The Argos Georgia, Argos Helena,
Jacqueline and Lyn are among the 25 vessels listed in the Table
(some of the vessels listed fished in areas other than 48.3). There are three
headings: "Night Setting", "Streamer Line" and "Offal
Discharge". Under each of these there are three sub-columns, for 1998,
1999 and 2000 respectively. Against the name of each vessel there is entered
"Y" or "N" ("Yes" or "No") to indicate
compliance or non-compliance with the conservation measure standards for each
heading in each of the three years; save that where in a given year a vessel
did not fish, a dash ("-") is entered. Here are the entries for
the four UK- registered vessels:
Night
Setting Streamer Line Offal Discharge
1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000
Argos
Georgia - - Y - - N - - Y
Argos
Helena Y Y Y Y N N Y Y Y
Jacqueline
Y Y N N N N N N N
Lyn
- N Y - N N Y Y Y
Thus
the Argos Georgia had fished only for the year 2000. The italicised
"N" against the Argos Georgia’s name in relation
to the Streamer Line standard for 2000 reflects this statement in the heading
to the Table: "Vessels in their first year in the fishery that failed
to comply with a conservation measure are indicated in italics." I
note that Mr Summers’ evidence in the London proceedings (paragraph 16 of
his statement) is that the Argos Georgia originally had a pot fishing
licence for 2000, but over two months caught only 17 tonnes of her 600 tonnes
allocation; after which a successful application was made to transfer the
remaining 583 tonnes to longline. So she only spent half the 2000 season longlining
for toothfish.
THE
JUDGMENT OF SCOTT BAKER J
- A principal
emphasis of the decision below in Quark’s favour consists in the judge’s conclusions
as to the use of Table 55 to judge the extent of the Jacqueline’s compliance
with CCAMLR conservation measures. He held (paragraph 90) that Table 55 provided
"an inadequate and unfair basis on which to determine conservation compliance",
and I will deal with that in due course. But the judge first made some more
general observations, which I should also record before arriving at my own
conclusions in the case. He said:
"69.
The grant of a licence to a vessel for Toothfishing in SGSSI waters is an
extremely valuable commodity… In my judgment there is no reason why applicants
for such a licence should be left in any doubt about the criteria upon which
they will be granted. The process should be transparent and the criteria published
at the time applications are invited. It is not satisfactory to say, as the
Attorney General did in his letter of 10 April 2001, that the policy has not
been published as such, although it may in part perhaps be divined from the
Ordinance. If the Secretary of State is minded to give a direction of the
kind that he gave in the present case, and in my judgment he was fully entitled
to take into account the wider international picture, then I can see no reason
why it should not, in the ordinary course of events, be given at the same
time as applications are invited for licences so that all applicants can know
the basis on which the decision will be made.
70.
It seems to me clear that what actually happened was that the Secretary of
State’s advice/direction only bit on United Kingdom flagged vessels. The applications
for licences for all the other vessels were decided by the Director in accordance
with the criteria set out in his letter to Dr Richardson of 8 February 2001.
But there is a further problem: whether the yardstick required by Dr Richardson
(CCAMLR compliance) was accurately and fairly applied."
- The judge then
turned to the arguments on Table 55. He dealt separately with the three heads,
"Night Setting", "Streamer Lines" and "Offal Discharge".
Table 55 showed the Jacqueline to have failed to comply with the night
setting standards in the season 2000 only, but to have failed under the other
two heads for all three years 1998 – 2000. The judge stated (paragraph 75
of the judgment) that the source (or, perhaps, a principal source) of the
data in Table 55 was the scientific observers’ reports, and this is amply
confirmed by Mr Parker’s written argument in reply. This tends to sour Dr
Richardson’s assertion that the scientific observer is not a "spy in
the camp". Indeed in the course of the hearing Mr Vaughan produced a
note headed "Spy in the Camp", effectively asserting in terms that
it was a function of the scientific observers to monitor compliance, and accordingly
urging the importance of having regard to the primary data as described in
the observers’ reports rather than the mere summaries or synopses produced
in annexures to CCAMLR reports such as Table 55.
- On night setting
in the 2000 season, the conclusion in Table 55 was, said the judge, based
on two sentences in the relevant observer’s report. One was: "All sets
were carried out during the times of nautical dusk, night and nautical dawn".
The other was: "Most setting operations were conducted during darkness
and the streamer line was used normally". Scott Baker J indicated (paragraph
75) that on reading these statements he was "left in considerable doubt"
whether there was any failure by the Jacqueline to comply with the
night setting requirement. I do not understand the Secretary of State to dispute
Table 55’s reliance on these statements. What is said (written reply, paragraph
38) is that CCAMLR treats the night setting requirement as met if at least
90% of the lines are set at night, and the Jacqueline’s score was 88%
(see Table 48).
- On streamer
lines, the judge noted that the Jacqueline’s only failure (for the
year 2000) was that the line was short: 80 rather than the required 150 metres.
He cited the observation of the scientific observer:
"Only
one streamer line (80m) was used during 68 settings observed (72 sets) and
was of own design. The vessel had two more lines for replacement use. It always
seemed effective in the settings with presence of seabirds."
So
it was submitted for Quark, and the judge accepted, that there was a failure
as to one detail only of the streamer line requirement, and the failure was
"of a technical nature in the light of their other bird prevention measures".
Scott Baker J acknowledged that the Jacqueline was shown in Table 55
as having failed the streamer line requirement in 1998 and 1999, as well as
2000, and observed that "[t]he reason again appears to the length of
the streamer line. No effort appears to have been made, either on the inspections
or any other time, to draw these or any other CCAMLR compliance deficiencies
to the attention of [Quark]".
- As for offal
discharge, the judge found and the Secretary of State accepts that the negative
finding for the year 2000 was simply wrong: the discharge chute was moved
to the other side of the vessel before the 2000 season commenced. There was
no dispute but that the Jacqueline had been in breach of the offal
discharge requirement in 1998 and 1999. But that had been put right by the
time licences were applied for in 2001.
- The judge expressed
his conclusions as to the use of Table 55 thus (paragraph 84):
"My
conclusion is that Table 55, on which Dr Richardson relied, does not give
an accurate or fair picture of the Jacqueline’s CCAMLR compliance record.
This was damaging to [Quark] because it was relied on to determine the Jacqueline’s
CCAMLR compliance record in relation to other United Kingdom flagged vessels
without [Quark] having the opportunity to point out the deficiencies. Mr Parker
submits that the CCAMLR report and with it Table 55 are documents in the public
domain that were available to [Quark] from the autumn of 2000. The evidence
leaves me in some doubt about the availability and certainly the accessibility
of these documents. More significantly, however, it was never made clear to
[Quark] or, indeed, to any other licence applicants, that the observers’ reports
would be interpreted so as to produce a record of comparable compliance between
vessels, or that it would be used in determining future licence applications."
- Scott Baker
J proceeded, with some force, to voice further criticisms of the decision-making
process in the case. It is with respect not necessary to set them out. I will
gather all the relevant points in my own conclusions, to which I now turn.
CONCLUSIONS
- This case possesses
a number of different strands which tend to intertwine. I will set out my
conclusions under separate headings, which I will draw together; or their
connection will anyway be evident.
DISCLOSURE
- I have already
referred to Mr Vaughan’s vigorous complaint at the Secretary of State’s late
disclosure of the correspondence of February and March 2001. He was inclined
to submit that this was merely an instance of a more general failure of frank
disclosure of which, he submitted, the Secretary of State through counsel
was guilty in both the SGSSI and the London proceedings. At the court’s invitation
he put in substantial written submissions after the hearing to justify this
position. Inevitably this drew from Mr Parker a no less vigorous response.
It is I think convenient at this stage to put this somewhat acid skirmish
in its proper place.
- Mr Parker submits,
correctly, that there is no duty of general disclosure in judicial review
proceedings. However there is – of course – a very high duty on public authority
respondents, not least central government, to assist the court with full and
accurate explanations of all the facts relevant to the issue the court must
decide. The real question here is whether in the evidence put forward on his
behalf the Secretary of State has given a true and comprehensive account of
the way the relevant decisions in the case were arrived at. If the court has
not been given a true and comprehensive account, but has had to tease the
truth out of late discovery, it may be appropriate to draw inferences against
the Secretary of State upon points which remain obscure: see Padfield [1968]
AC 997, per Lord Upjohn at 1061G – 1062A.
- I make it clear
at once that I acquit Mr Parker of any intention to conceal relevant material
from the court, and nothing I have to say is intended to cast the slightest
shadow on his professional integrity, or that of his junior. However, I consider
that the material put forward by the Secretary of State in the SGSSI and London
proceedings did not convey a fair and full picture of the decision-making
process in the case, and the letters of February and March 2001 demonstrate
as much.
- A conspicuous
example of this want of frankness, or at least of clarity, concerns the policy
criterion of loyalty to the fishery. In both the SGSSI and the London proceedings
the plain impression was given that in allocating licences for toothfish fishing
in the 2001 season, loyalty to the fishery had been a relevant factor: see
for example paragraph 25 of the Director of Fisheries’ affidavit in SGSSI
and paragraph 44 of Dr Richardson’s statement in London. But it is clear from
the letters that it played no part in the decision of the crucial question,
which two of the four UK-registered vessels would be granted licences. As
between the four, the decision turned only on actual or perceived levels of
compliance with CCAMLR standards.
- Next, it is
in my judgment striking that the various references in the statements and
affidavits to the Director’s recommendations to Dr Richardson omit any mention
of the Director’s criteria having been put forward "as usual", an
expression used in the letter of 8 February 2001. This is an important point
of departure between the contemporary documentation and the written evidence.
Paragraph 44 of Dr Richardson’s statement in the London proceedings (which
I have cited) looks for all the world as if it were merely describing the
application of existing and uncontentious policy. But it is plain from the
letters that Dr Richardson’s advice in February 2001 urged a substantial departure,
certainly in terms of outcome, from the approach which otherwise would have
been taken by the Director of Fisheries. The Secretary of State accepts that
(to use Mr Parker’s words) "if he [the Secretary of State] had not given
the advice which he did give in February/March 2001, the Director of Fisheries
in March 2001 would have granted licences to all four UK Overseas Territories
flagged vessels, including the Lyn and the Jacqueline."
- Thirdly – and
I have already canvassed this – whereas the Secretary of State’s evidence
was to the effect that Dr Richardson’s advice of February 2001 was based on
Table 55, Mr White’s letter of 9 March was not; and one is left in doubt what
was the real foundation for the 14 March 2001 decision so far as it turned
on compliance rates. I think it is clear that for his part the Director of
Fisheries simply followed the Department’s advice, whatever its basis.
- There are some
other more detailed points, but I need not go into them. On this matter of
disclosure we have, in my judgment, to bear in mind that what matters is the
effect of any failure on our appreciation of the overall merits of the case;
we are not concerned to discipline or penalise the Secretary of State. Even
so, I am constrained to say that the Secretary of State in this case has fallen
short of those high standards of candour which are routinely adhered to by
government departments faced with proceedings for judicial review.
CONSULTATION
- There is a respondent’s
notice which, as I understand it, urges this court to hold that Quark should
have been involved (or invited to be involved) in the decision-making process
to a greater extent than was indicated by the judge in paragraph 69 of his
judgment which I have set out. On this part of the case, it is I think very
important to be careful what one means. There is in my judgment no question
of Quark being consulted, either as to the allocation of licences by
the Director on 14 March 2001 or the issue of the Secretary of State’s direction.
There is, however, a real question how far fairness required that an opportunity
be afforded to Quark to make representations as to what the decision
should be.
- The question
is to be decided by reference to our well established principles of public
law. In that light, I have no doubt that there is at least one matter upon
which Quark had no entitlement to make representations at all, important though
it plainly has been in the history of the case. The limitation of the number
of licences to be issued to British-registered vessels to two, against the
Director’s recommendation of four, was arrived at as a matter judgment in
the field of foreign policy. It is I think clear that foreign policy issues
are an area of government decision-making as regards which our public law
principles of fairness will not impose a requirement upon the Secretary of
State to invite representations from parties who may be affected by the decision.
Though Mr Vaughan may fairly categorise this limitation to two licences as
a new policy, his clients had no right to have any voice in whether it should
be adopted or not.
- But that is
not the end of this part of the case. Once it was decided that there should
be licences in 2001 for no more than two British-registered vessels, then
for the four candidates for those licences – the Argos Helena, the
Argos Georgia, the Jacqueline and the Lyn – the competitive
playing-field was quite different from what had obtained in previous years.
There would be two winners and two losers. Let it be assumed for the moment
that the Secretary of State was entitled to discount loyalty to the fishery,
so that that consideration would play no part in deciding who would win and
who would lose. The decision would be made by reference to a judgment, however
precisely arrived at, about the vessels’ relative compliance with CCAMLR conservation
measures. I cannot see why that beauty contest should have been conducted
in secret, as in my judgment it plainly was. I agree with the approach taken
by Scott Baker J at paragraph 69 of his judgment, which I have set out. Once
it was concluded that the allocation of licences would proceed according to
Dr Richardson’s advice in February, I see no reason why the four vessels’
owners should not have been approached and told in terms (a) that only two
would get licences, (b) that which two depended on CCAMLR compliance, and
(c) that the Secretary of State/Director was minded to decide CCAMLR compliance
by reference to Table 55 (if that was the case). Representations could accordingly
have been invited. Appropriate documents could have been provided. A tight
timetable could have been insisted upon. That would have been a fair procedure,
and would have in no way trespassed on the Secretary of State’s duties and
prerogatives in relation to foreign policy. In my judgment, our public law
standards of fairness and reasonableness required that some such procedure
should have been adopted. No one would then have been in any doubt as to the
prospective basis of the decision, and the protagonists would have been enabled
to say what they wished to say about their own individual merits.
- I am conscious
that this reasoning draws no distinction between the process leading to the
decision of 14 March 2001, and the direction of 7 June 2001. I shall deal
with the implications of this circumstance in due course.
LOYALTY
TO THE FISHERY
- However, given
the history, I do not think the Secretary of State was entitled entirely to
discount loyalty to the fishery as a relevant consideration in deciding upon
the appropriate allocation of licences as between the four British-registered
vessels, at least without inviting representations on the point. The foreign
policy dimension required only that the number of British-registered vessels
to be licensed should be cut to two; it was not concerned with the criteria
to determine how the favoured two should be chosen. Accordingly there was
nothing to inhibit an invitation to put forward representations to persuade
the Secretary of State to retain, on fairness grounds, loyalty to the fishery
as a criterion. I accept Mr Vaughan’s submission that by past practice a legitimate
expectation had been generated that loyalty would be taken into account; and
I accept also his further submission that the Secretary of State has shown
no rational basis for its being disregarded, at least, as I have said, as
between the four British-registered vessels.
THE
SUBSTANTIVE DECISIONS
- If contrary
to my view fairness did not require a notification of the prospective basis
for the 2001 decision, nor an invitation to make representations, nor the
retention of loyalty to the fishery as a relevant consideration, then as it
seems to me it was all the more incumbent on the decision-makers to ensure
that the conclusion arrived at was solidly and soundly based on clear objective
facts.
(1)
The First Decision: 14 March 2001
- I have already
held (paragraph 38) that the basis on which the Secretary of State recommended
the rejection of the Jacqueline and the Lyn from the allocation
of licences for 2001 remains unclear, because it is not possible on the material
we have to reconcile Dr Richardson’s apparent reliance on Table 55 with Mr
White’s reliance on a different table, or "ranking", which represents
other CCAMLR information. (I consider also – though it is a small point –
that that part of paragraph 15 of Dr Richardson’s letter of 16 February 2001
where he says "Unless the performance of those vessels [sc. the Lyn
and the Jacqueline] has greatly increased in the intervening months"
is very difficult to understand: I assume that the vessels would not have
fished between the end of the 2000 season and the date of the letter.)
In the circumstances I am not prepared to assume, or find as a fact in these
proceedings, that the decision of 14 March 2001 was taken on rational grounds
having regard only to relevant considerations. I have already referred in
passing (paragraph 50) to Lord Upjohn’s speech in Padfield. He said
(1061G – 1062A):
"…
if he [sc. a Minister of the Crown] does not give any reason for his decision
it may be, if circumstances warrant it, that a court may be at liberty to
come to the conclusion that he had no good reason for reaching that conclusion
and order a prerogative writ to issue accordingly."
So
also, as it seems to me, where the Minister has given conflicting, or apparently
conflicting, reasons.
(2)
The Need for Substantive Reconsideration
- It follows that
unless the direction of 7 June 2001 can be seen to have been the result of
fresh consideration, and to have been rationally and fairly arrived at by
the application of criteria which are themselves clear and reasonable, it
must be held to be legally defective. Moreover, I think it was the expectation
of the Chief Justice in the SGSSI proceedings that the ranking exercise would
be re-considered in substance. Although he quashed the decision to refuse
the Jacqueline a licence essentially because the Director had wrongly
held himself bound (in effect) by the Secretary of State’s advice, he also
made these observations (page 40 of his judgment):
"Much
of what has been placed before me and much of what Mr Vaughan and Mr Parker
have submitted during the course of this hearing has related to the accuracy
or (as the former would have it) the inaccuracy of the data used by the FCO
in producing a ranking of vessels in such a way that the MV Jacqueline
was excluded. It will be apparent from the above, however, that my decision
is not in any dependent upon that. I would however add this. On reading the
papers, I was somewhat puzzled by the relating of compliance data to the vessel
alone. This seemed to me only part of the picture. Ships are inanimate, and
once a licensing authority is satisfied that a vessel meet [sic] the appropriate
physical criteria (eg. safety measures, navigation and identification equipment)
it is less the vessel and more the manner of operation which would be of concern
to the licensing authority. It would, for example, be possible for a vessel
which had an excellent compliance record later to become subject to the control
of a master, fishing master, charterer, or owner who had a poor record of
compliance in those waters or elsewhere. Similarly, a vessel which had a poor
compliance record in earlier years might now be under the control of those
with an impeccable record. Counsel were not able to help me with this.
Similarly,
it is apparent that when producing a ranking order based upon the figures
actually used by the FCO, where data was not available relating to a particular
vessel, the assumption was made that this equated to compliance on the part
of that vessel. Whilst to do otherwise might have been inequitable in so far
as those other vessels were concerned, it may well have had the effect of
distorting the position in which the MV Jacqueline was placed in the
overall ranking."
- It is true that,
following the order that a fresh decision be made within 7 days of 1 June
2001, the Secretary of State’s direction was given (7 June) before the Chief
Justice’s judgment was handed down (8 June); and with respect to the Chief
Justice, it was perhaps less than helpful to require a fresh decision to be
made before the parties would see his reasons for quashing the refusal of
a licence to the Jacqueline. But the Secretary of State was well aware
of the criticisms advanced against Table 55 in the SGSSI proceedings, and
he cannot properly have assumed that a fresh substantive decision was not
required.
(3)
The Second Decision: the Direction of 7 June 2001
- I do not believe
that substantive reconsideration was given to the merits of the Jacqueline’s
position before the direction was issued. Paragraphs 61 and 62 of Dr Richardson’s
statement in the London proceedings, which I have cited at paragraph 39, suggest
that that is the position. It is true that Dr Richardson (paragraph 61) refers
to "the reasoning behind the instructions [sc. the direction]" and
sets out four criteria, of which the fourth was "the comparative level
of compliance with CCAMLR Conservation Measures of vessels of the same flag";
but paragraph 62 begins "In other words, the factors which had been considered
relevant to the initial licence allocation were those which it considered
relevant even after the initial decision had been quashed". There is
nothing by way of documents, or separate reasoning set out in the evidence,
to show that the question had been looked at afresh. Certainly, as I have
made clear, the direction unambiguously refers to Table 55, and not to the
rather more mysterious table appended to Mr White’s letter of 9 March 2001.
But that alone does not persuade me that the matter was substantively reconsidered.
For this reason alone, then, Scott Baker J was in my judgment right to quash
the direction.
- But if that
is wrong, and either there was no need for such reconsideration or it was
in fact given, there remains the question whether Table 55 was a legally satisfactory
basis on which to found the decision to refuse the Jacqueline a licence.
Mr Parker was at pains to submit, not least in his written reply, that it
was reasonable and appropriate for the Secretary of State to rely on Table
55 – it was a CCAMLR document. But the complaint on this part of the case
is not as to the provenance of Table 55, but as to the substance of
its contents. As regards that, I have to say that I have seen nothing to displace
Scott Baker J’s criticisms. Here are the main points. (1) The conclusion that
the Jacqueline was in default in relation to night setting was factually
doubtful, and at best the failure was marginal. (2) The failure on streamer
lines was really technical, at least for 2000. (3) The Table was simply wrong
on offal discharge for the year 2000 – this I think is quite important, since
the presumption must have been that, the Jacqueline having been reconfigured
to comply with the offal discharge requirement for 2000, she would thereafter
continue to comply. (4) The Jacqueline’s loyalty to the fishery actually
counted against her on Table 55, since the years (1998 and 1999) when
the Argos Georgia did not fish were effectively counted in her favour
as years of compliance.
- There are some
other points. There is documentation to show that on one day in the 1998 season
the scientific observer was kept off the bridge of the Argos Helena,
and there are some question-marks over the accuracy of Table 55 vis-à-vis
that vessel. Overall, however, I am content to agree with Scott Baker
J as to the use of Table 55. It did not in the circumstances amount to a fair
basis for denying the Jacqueline a licence.
IN
THE RESULT
- For all these
reasons, some of them alternative to others, I would dismiss this appeal.
I feel constrained to add, and I do it with a sense of melancholy, that while
for my part I have found nothing to demonstrate bad faith on the part of the
Secretary of State, the history of this case has demonstrated to my mind that
the approach taken to the public decisions that had to be made fell unhappily
short of the high standards of fairness and openness which is now routinely
attained by British government departments.
Lord
Justice Jonathan Parker:
- I agree.
Lord
Justice Aldous:
- I also agree.